At instant of flame propagation in combustion chamber, the spark causes an instant temp rise to around 5,000deg F between electrodes but temp 'drops' to around 1,800F during combustion (depending on mixture, ignition timing and load)
Plug tip temps rarely get above 8~1,200, usually less (it's why they make different 'grade' plugs)
Normal combustion temps average around 12~1,400 deg F (I've forgotten too much to give any more details)
The major area's of concern are exhaust valves and piston crown, heat transfer into cylinder head keeps combustion chamber relatively 'cool'
The piston problem is the reason Suzuki were the first manufacturer to use oil jets squirting at inside of piston (SACS motor)
Today, every manufacturer uses oil jets to cool bottom of piston crown
Multiple smaller valves have shorter heat transfer paths so can operate at higher rpm before overheating becomes a problem.
There's a lot of stuff going on, the more you know, the more you'll be amazed the damn things run at all ;D